Sentences: Elements, Varieties, Patterns, Types and Faults
Hey there! Welcome to the first topic of Unit 1. Here, we will be covering the summary and all the important questions that can be asked in your examination from this topic. As usual, I ask you to carefully study all these notes and think aloud or write down what you’ve learnt for effective memory. So, let’s get started.
हुन्छ Sir …..अब सुरू गरिहालौं!
Summary of the Lesson Content
Grasp the substance of the lesson in a few minutes
ELEMENTS OF SENTENCE:
A sentence is a group of words that express a complete thought. It is made up of different parts:
1. Subject – The person, place, or thing that the sentence is about. Example: John, the dog, the book.
2. Verb – The action or state of being of the subject. Example: runs, is, eats.
3. Object – The person, place, or thing that receives the action of the verb. Example: ball, pizza, homework.
4. Adjective – A word that describes a noun or pronoun. Example: big, blue, happy.
5. Adverb – A word that describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Example: quickly, very, always.
VARIETIES OF SENTENCE:
Sentences can also be categorized into different types:
1. Declarative – A sentence that makes a statement. Example: The sun is shining.
2. Interrogative – A sentence that asks a question. Example: Do you like ice cream?
3. Imperative – A sentence that gives a command. Example: Clean your room.
4. Exclamatory – A sentence that expresses strong emotion. Example: What a beautiful day!
PATTERNS OF SENTENCES:
Sentences can follow different patterns:
1. Subject-Verb (SV) – The simplest pattern. Example: Sita reads.
2. Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) – A pattern with a subject, verb, and object. Example: Sita reads books.
3. Subject-Verb-Adverb (SVA) – A pattern with a subject, verb, and adverb. Example: Sita reads quickly.
4. Subject-Verb-Object-Adjective (SVOA) – A pattern with a subject, verb, object, and adjective. Example: Sita reads big books.
5. Subject-Verb-Object-Adverb (SVOAd) – A pattern with a subject, verb, object, and adverb. Example: Sita reads books quickly.
TYPES OF SENTENCES:
Sentences are made up of one or more clauses, which are groups of words that contain a subject and a verb. There are different types of sentences based on how these clauses are put together.
1. Simple Sentences: A simple sentence contains only one clause, which means it has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. Here are some examples:
- She sings well.
- I like momo.
- The cat chased the mouse.
2. Compound Sentences: A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses that are joined by a coordinating conjunction (such as “and,” “or,” or “but”). Each independent clause could stand on its own as a simple sentence. Here are some examples:
- I went to the school, but it was closed.
- She likes chocolates, and he likes biscuits.
- The dog barked, and the cat ran away.
3. Complex Sentences: A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses that are joined by a subordinating conjunction (such as “because,” “while,” or “although”).(Note: Dependent Clause भनेको के हो ? Dependent clause त्यस्तो group of words हो which cannot stand on its own as a sentence because it does not express a complete thought.)
Here are some examples of complex sentences:
- Because it was raining, we stayed indoors.
- Although she was tired, she continued working.
- He left the party while I was dancing.
Summary of Types of Sentences:
1. Simple Sentence – Contains one independent clause. Example: She danced.
2. Compound Sentence – Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction. Example: I like tea, but he prefers coffee.
3. Complex Sentence – Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Example: Although he was tired, he went to work.
FAULTS OF SENTENCES:
Sentences can also have the following faults:
- Run-on sentence – A sentence that is too long and needs to be broken up into smaller sentences. Example: She ran to the store she bought some candy.
- Fragment – A sentence that is missing a subject, verb, or complete thought. Example: In the morning.
- Agreement error – A sentence where the subject and verb do not match. Example: Dogs runs fast.
- Dangling modifier – A sentence where the modifier is unclear or misplaced. Example: After eating, the dog was walked by John.
Selected Question-Answer from this Lesson
Learn to answer the most important exam questions from the lesson
Q) Write a sentence representing each of the stated sentence variety – declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory.
Answers:
Declarative: The sky is blue.
Interrogative: Is the sky blue?
Imperative: Look at the sky right now..
Exclamatory: Wow, the sky is so blue!
Q) Answer the following question as instructed. (Marks 5) [TU 2078]
a. She was feeding her baby when her husband returned home. (Identify the word that indicates time sequence)
Ans: when
b. Write a simple sentence with the subject ‘she’.
Ans: She plays basket ball.
c. He does not hardly attend the class. (Avoid double negative)
Ans: He hardly attends the class.
d. Write a sentence following the sentence pattern S+V+O+C
Ans: Ram made the monkey dance.
e. The students of BBS are very genius. (Identify prepositional phrase)
Ans: of BBS
#Note: माथिको question-set मा केहि question अन्य topic बाट पनि सोधिएको छ |
Q) Answer the following question as instructed. (Marks 5) [TU 2078]
a. A little girl swings cheerfully in the park. (identify each of the words in the sentence pattern)
b. He slowly walked into the kitchen and asked for the dinner. (start the sentence with an adverb)
c. Write an example of a compound sentence joined by the conjunction ‘yet’.
d. Write a compound-complex sentence with only one independent clause.
e. Write an example of a complex sentence using the casual element of the independent clause.
Answer Key:
a) Subject (A little girl) + Verb (swings) + Adverb (cheerfully) + Prepositional Phrase (in the park)
b) Slowly, he walked into the kitchen and asked for dinner.
c) She was tired, yet she stayed up late to finish her homework.
d) She turned off the oven and sat down to eat, but the doorbell rang, so she got up again.
e) Because I was hungry, I ate momo.
Q) Identify whether the given senttences are simple, compound, complex or compound-complex.
- The sun was setting, and the birds were flying back to their nests.
- I love to swim, but I can’t go to the beach today.
- Although I wanted to go to the party, I had too much work to do.
- John, who is my brother, loves to play soccer.
- She studies hard, so she can get good grades.
Answer key:
- Compound sentence
- Compound sentence
- Complex sentence
- Complex sentence
- Complex sentence
Explanation:
- The sentence is composed of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction “and”, making it a compound sentence.
- The sentence is also composed of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction “but”, making it a compound sentence.
- The sentence has one independent clause (“I had too much work to do”) and one dependent clause (“Although I wanted to go to the party”), making it a complex sentence.
- The sentence has one independent clause (“John loves to play soccer”) and one dependent clause (“who is my brother”), making it a complex sentence.
- The sentence has one independent clause (“She studies hard”) and one dependent clause (“so she can get good grades”), making it a complex sentence.
Q) Transform the following simple sentences into complex sentences.
- She studies every day.
- The dog barks loudly.
- He eats breakfast before work.
- The book is on the shelf.
- The sun sets in the west
Answer Key:
- She studies hard every day, but sometimes she feels lazy
- The dog barks loudly when he sees other dogs.
- He eats breakfast before work, so he has energy for the day.
- The book on the shelf is a classic of English literature.
- The sun sets in the west, painting the sky with beautiful colors.
#) Answer the following Questions as instructed. [TU 2077]
Ques: Write an exclamatory sentence following the given word order: What (+adjective) + noun + sub + verb !
Ans: What a beautiful painting you have!
Ques: Write a sentence following the sentence pattern S + V + O + A.
Ans: The game made the boy active.
Ques: Write a compound sentence joined by the conjunction ‘and’.
Ans: The players started the game and the audience cheered.
Welcome to the Exam Rehearsal Mode!
Research has proved that you remember things better when you either think of them or write them down.
Exam Rehearsal: Lesson Questions
Think of the answers to the questions below
Practice remembering aloud or writing down the answers to the Qs below
Unit 1 Total Weightage = 15 Marks
Practice remembering aloud (बोल्दै सम्झनुहोस्) or writing down what you’ve studied on the White Board below.
(Note: If you are using laptop, you can increase the height of The White Board to your desired size. Just move your mouse cursor to the bottom-right corner of the Board below and drag the border down to your required size)
Q) Write a sentence representing each of the stated sentence variety – declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory.
Q) Answer the following question as instructed. (Marks 5) [TU 2078]
a. She was feeding her baby when her husband returned home. (Identify the word that indicates time sequence)
b. Write a simple sentence with the subject ‘she’.
c. He does not hardly attend the class. (Avoid double negative)
d. Write a sentence following the sentence pattern S+V+O+C.
e. The students of BBS are very genius. (Identify prepositional phrase)
Q) Answer the following question as instructed. (Marks 5) [TU 2078]
a. A little girl swings cheerfully in the park. (identify each of the words in the sentence pattern)
b. He slowly walked into the kitchen and asked for the dinner. (start the sentence with an adverb)
c. Write an example of a compound sentence joined by the conjunction ‘yet’.
d. Write a compound-complex sentence with only one independent clause.
e. Write an example of a complex sentence using the casual element of the independent clause.
Q) Identify whether the given senttences are simple, compound, complex or compound-complex.
- The sun was setting, and the birds were flying back to their nests.
- I love to swim, but I can’t go to the beach today.
- Although I wanted to go to the party, I had too much work to do.
- John, who is my brother, loves to play soccer.
- She studies hard, so she can get good grades.
Q) Transform the following simple sentences into complex sentences.
1.She studies every day.
2.The dog barks loudly.
3.He eats breakfast before work.
4.The book is on the shelf.
5.The sun sets in the west.
#) Answer the following Questions as instructed.
Q) Write an exclamative sentence following the given word order: What (+adjective) + noun + sub + verb !
Q) Write a sentence following the sentence pattern S + V + O + A.
Q) Write a compound sentence joined by the conjunction ‘and’.
Want to fully master these Qs ? Switch back to this specific section in the STUDY MODE again.
Pause and Remember!
Minimise the lesson-window and look away. What were the main ideas of this chapter? You will find that you can recall these ideas more easily if you relate them to your own life and career goals.
Congratulations! You’ve now gone through every type of question that can be asked in your exams from this unit. A next round of revision will certainly help you learn & remember all these answers to your exam questions!