A Summary of Lesson 2.2
… Hey there! Welcome to this separate chapter, where we will be covering the summary of different concepts of national income. As usual, I ask you to carefully study all these notes and think aloud or write down what you’ve learnt for effective memory. So, let’s get started.
हुन्छ Sir …..अब सुरु गरिहालौं!
Special Summary of Lesson 2.2
Lesson 2.2 बुझ्न सजिलो बनाउने केहि Information
यो chapter मा 2 वटा terms को जोडी लाई चाहिं राम्रो संग बुझौ है। First चाहिं Gross Domestic Product and Net Domestic Product मतलब GDP and NDP अनि second चाहिं Gross National Product and Net National Product मतलब GNP and NNP।
Gross र Net भनेको चाहिं खासमा के हो ?
शुरु गर्नुभन्दा पहिला gross र net को फरक बुझौँ । Gross भनेको चाहिं कुनै पनि चिजको total amount, without any deduction of anything from that amount हो । जस्तै कसैको gross income भनेको उसको total income हो, जसमा कुनै त्यो सरकारले लिने tax,sax केहि पनि घटाएको (deduct गरेको) हुँदैन।
अब Net भनेको चाहिं कुनै पनि चिजको amount मा घटाउन पर्ने वा deduct गर्नुपर्ने कुरा जति सबै घटाएर, बाँकी रहेको amount हो। जस्तै कसैको net income भनेको चाहिं उसले सरकारलाई बुझाउनुपर्ने जुन त्यो tax, sax हुन्छ नि, त्यो सबै कटाएर बाँकी रहेको amount नै net income हो ।
अब Gross र Net को फरक बुझिसकेपछि हामी लागौं, Gross Domestic Product र Net Domestic Product मतलब GDP and NDP को बारेमा बुझ्न।
Gross Domestic Product भनेको के हो ?
Gross Domestic Product or GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders। यहाँ “within a country’s borders” ले के जनाउँछ भन्दा …कुनै country को GDP भनेको त्यो country भित्र मात्रै उत्पादन हुने चिजको total value हो। यसरि GDP मा चाहिं सधैं country को domestic land भित्र मात्रै प्रोड्युस हुने goods को value count हुन्छ, प्रोड्युसर चाहिं स्वदेशी होस् वा बिदेशी, जो सुकै भए पनि केहि फरक पर्दैन ।
Net Domestic Product भनेको के हो ?
अनि यो Net Domestic Product or NDP चाहिं के हो नि? केहि पनि होइन, उही GDP को Gross भन्ने word को ठाउँमा Net भन्ने word राख्या हो ।अब Net भनिसकेपछि घटाउन पर्ने कुरा त घटाउनै पर्यो, अघी भर्खरै हामीले त्यो Gross र Net को फरक पढेको हो नि त। मतलब Net Domestic Product भनेको GDP माइनस depreciation हो। त्यसैले यसको डेफिनिसन NDP is GDP minus the depreciation of goods like machinery, equipment, etc used in the production process हो।Depreciation भनेको त हामीलाई थाहा छंदैछ नि, ११ class बाटै सुन्दै आएको – त्यै loss of value of fixed assets due to their repeated use भन्ने।
GDP at Market Price र GDP at Factor Cost
अनि अब यो GDP, NDP त बुझियो तर हाम्रो syllabus मा फेरी GDP at Market Price र GDP at Factor Cost अनि NDP at Market Price र NDP at Factor Cost भन्ने पनि राखेको छ । यो पनि सजिलै छ , हेरौं है त !
कुनै पनि कुराको market price भनेको त्यसलाई market मा लैजाँदा बेच्ने price भन्ने बुझिन्छ , मतलब selling price भनौं न , अनि factor cost भनेको चाहिं कुनै पनि product तयार भएपछि त्यो पुरै बनाउन लागेको cost भन्ने बुझिन्छ, मतलब त्यसको cost price भनौं न। त्यसैले market price भनेको generally factor cost + something more भन्ने बुझिन्छ, जस्तै factor cost + त्यो product बेच्दा सरकारले लगाउने tax + अन्य जोड्न मिल्ने कुराहरु, etc भन्ने बुझिन्छ।किनकि अब market price भनेको त cost price मा केहि थप गरेर, घाटा नहुने ताल ले राख्नु पर्यो नि , हैन !
अब Nepali मा explanation धेरै भयो, so अब एकछिन simple English मै बानि पारौं न त है! In general, market price is higher than factor cost because it includes taxes,etc. However, there are some cases where market price can be lower than factor cost, such as when a government provides a large amount of subsidy (बृहत अनुदान) to a producer. The market price can be lower because such subsidies have to be subtracted from the market price (अब सरकारबाट त्यत्रो अनुदान पाइसकेपछि त प्रोड्युसर हरुको लागेको खर्च उठ्न पनि त सजिलो हुने भयो , सो market price पनि त घट्नुपर्यो नि, हैन 🙂 ).
Now, let’s talk about GDP at market price and GDP at factor cost.
GDP at market price अनि GDP at factor cost भनेको के रहेछ त ?
- GDP at market price is the total value of all goods and services produced in an economy, including the taxes and subsidies that are applied to those goods and services.
- GDP at factor cost is the total value of all goods and services produced in an economy, without the taxes and subsidies.
The difference between GDP at market price and GDP at factor cost is the amount of taxes, etc that are applied to goods and services. For example, if a government increases a tax on cold drinks, the market price of cold drinks will increase, but the factor cost will not change.
The relationship between GDP at market price (GDPmp) and GDP at factor cost (GDPfc) can be represented by the following formula:
GDPmp = GDPfc + Taxes on products – Subsidies on products
or
GDPmp = GDPfc + Net indirect taxes (where Net indirect taxes = Taxes – Subsidies)
[नोट : यदि कुनै question मा वा अरु कहीं, GDP मात्र भन्या छ भने त्यो GDP at market price हो कि GDP at factor cost हो, कसरी बुझ्ने त?
त्यस्तो नखुलाएको अवस्थामा GDP भन्ने बित्तिकै हामीले सधैं GDP at market price नै भनेको हो भनेर बुझ्नुपर्छ, किनकि नर्मल्ली GDP calculate गर्दा market price मा नै calculate गर्ने गरिन्छ। अनि GNP को case मा पनि यहि कुरा लागु हुन्छ।]
…अहिलेलाई यो यहीं टुंग्याउँ…यी concept हरु र अन्य अरु concept हरु जस्तै GNP NNP, etc चाहिं next lesson मा मज्जाले Question-Answer form मा explain गरिएको छ | Next lesson मा भएको त्यो “Different Concepts of National Income: GDP, NDP, GNP & NNP at Market Price & Factor Cost” भन्ने chapter बुझ्न सजिलो होस् भनेर मात्रै यस lesson मा तपाईंहरुलाई केहि basic concepts plus केहि confusing concepts हरुलाई अलि सजिलो पारामा बुझाउने प्रयास गरिएको हो।
